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Essential Fish Habitat
Fundamental Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. H. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Utilizing regulations clarified that marine environments include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate comes with the associated biological residential areas that make these areas suited to fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used without notice during the species' life cycle.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, including wetlands, coral reefs, fine sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific details. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed kinds to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sportfishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Take action was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and identify EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act has jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or activities may adversely affect home identified by federal local fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On December 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing techniques and coastal and maritime development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal businesses work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable effects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, as well as, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed kinds. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing upon EFH, and identify other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies may avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally been able commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an assessment of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or counteract those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of reef fishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Higher Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State businesses and private landowners are not necessary to consult with NMFS. EFH services are required if the federal government possesses authorized, funded, or taken on part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations of the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to variety and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction of the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high goal areas for conservation, managing, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet by least one of the following some criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a an environment type that is/will become stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs involve important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, amongst other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory safety as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Fundamental Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Vital Habitat is designated meant for the survival and recovery of species listed since threatened or endangered beneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical refuge include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered species that include physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat can be designated as critical at that time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat will vary in terms of designation and regulations, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures base the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These habitats are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental habitat structure begins with yeast sediment. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and soft.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) regarding juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges whenever they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom provides hard complex vertical framework for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which in turn support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, many different fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are usually a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they can be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Characteristics that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that use them include sediment materials size, salinity, dissolved fresh air and flow.
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